When the Gurmukhi letters appear in the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to, are used to change the inherent vowel. This is a syllabic script in which all consonants have an inherent vowel.The Gurmukhi script, unlike the Greek and Roman alphabets, is arranged in a logical fashion: vowels first, then consonants (Gutturals, Palatals, Cerebrals, Dentals, Labials) and semi-vowels.There is no concept of upper or lower case letters.Essential Features of the Gurmukhi Script However, as is the case in English, Punjabi spellings are not fully standardized.Įquivalent sounds which have been given in romanised script are only approximate since the Gurmukhi script has many sounds unfamiliar to the English speaker which often may not be exactly represented by the Roman alphabet. Punjabi spellings are, for the most part, regular and relatively simple to learn, though you may come across variations in spellings of some words. However, there are neither capital letters in Gurmukhi nor articles such as 'a' and 'the'. Like English and other European, Latin-based languages, it is written and read from left to right. The most striking characteristic of the Gurmukhi script, in comparison with Roman, is that, with the exception of five, all letters are joined by a line across the top.
There are ten clear vowel signs and three auxiliary signs.
The Gurmukhi script has forty one letters including thirty eight consonants and three basic vowel sign bearers. Unlike Roman script, the Gurmukhi script follows a 'one sound-one symbol' principle. Gurmukhi script is the most complete and accurate way to represent Punjabi sounds. Gurmukhi has been adapted to write other languages, such as Braj Bhasha, Khariboli (and other Hindustani dialects), Sanskrit and Sindhi. The script is also widely used in the Indian states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and the national capital of Delhi, with Punjabi being one of the official languages in these states. Gurmukhi is primarily used in the Punjab state of India where it is the sole official script for all official and judicial purposes. The name Gurmukhi is derived from the Old Punjabi term "gurumukhī", meaning "from the mouth of the Guru". The whole of the Guru Granth Sahib's 1430 pages are written in this script. Gurmukhi was standardised by the second Sikh guru, Sri Guru Angad Sahib Ji, in the 16th century. Gurmukhi is the most common script used for writing the Punjabi language in India. There will be differences between 16th and 17th century and now. However we must also remember that Punjabi itself has evolved along with time, as any language does. The Landa had been around for centuries before the Guru Ji's. He and polished the landa script to reflect, pronunciation and the authentic tonal expressions to what is known as Gurmukhi today. Contrary to another popular belief, Guru Ji did not invent Gurmukhi from scratch he modified the Landa (lahnda) script. Punjabi speaking Sikhs write Punjabi in the Gurmukhi script, which was developed by Guru Angad Sahib Ji. Punjabi is also written using Urdu and Hindi scripts. (I will try to get examples of this, if you have any please send to me). There are 2 main scripts used, Punjabi-speaking Muslims may write Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script (as used to write Urdu, writing from right to left), this sometimes is referred to as Shahmukhi. It is a modern Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the Punjab states of both India and Pakistan. Punjabi is an Indian language, which belongs to the outer-circle of the Indo-Aryan languages and distantly related English being a member of the same Indo-European language family. It is the only tonal language among the Indo-Aryan languages. It is the native language of the Punjabi people who inhabit the historical Punjab region of Pakistan and India. Punjabi (Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Devanagari: पंजाबी Shahmukhi: پنجابی) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by 102 million native speakers worldwide, making it the 9th most widely spoken language (2010) in the world. Gurmukhi is a script (how we write Punjabi). Remember - Punjabi is language (what we speak). It would be more accurate to say one speak's Punjabi and read's or write's Gurmukhi. So are there two languages? Did the Guru's use different language called Gurmukhi? The answer is No. People make the assumption that there is a language called Punjabi (what we use everyday) and there is the language called Gurmukhi - the language used to write the Guru Granth Sahib. There appears to be a lot of confusion regarding Punjabi and Gurmukhi.
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